[71], The majority of Muslims in the country are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam (Sufism). [117], ExxonMobil leads a consortium of Chevron and Petronas that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Ainsi fixe-t-il le cadre de l’engagement du pays dans les termes suivants :2 S’agissant notamment des changements … The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. [116] Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power. Chad ranked number 148 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 142 in 2013. The GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita was estimated as US$1,651 in 2009. [23] Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before[24] and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil. Close mobile search navigation. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of Douala.[114]. [58], Chad's population is unevenly distributed. [139][140][141][142], Football is Chad's most popular sport. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire,[11][12] the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink millet beer, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet, and as coshate when from white millet. [130][133][134], The development of a Chadian film industry, which began with the short films of Edouard Sailly in the 1960s, was hampered by the devastations of civil wars and from the lack of cinemas, of which there is currently only one in the whole country (the Normandie in N'Djamena). Les zones humides sahéliennes au défi du changement global . [14], French colonial expansion led to the creation of the Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad in 1900. Its most common expression is the Tijaniyah, an order followed by the 35% of Chadian Muslims which incorporates some local African religious elements. In 2000, there were only 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world.[116]. In 2007 Chad had the seventh highest score on the failed state index. 4. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount. In 1965, Muslims in the north, led by the National Liberation Front of Chad (French: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), began a civil war. Some of the most important African archaeological sites are found in Chad, mainly in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region; some date to earlier than 2000 BCE. Il y a quarante ans, le Lac Tchad s’étendait sur 25’000 km 2 . The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. [29] In May 2016, he was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. Libya moved to fill the power vacuum and became involved in Chad's civil war. Chad (/tʃæd/ (listen); Arabic: تشاد‎ Tishād, Arabic pronunciation: [tʃaːd]; French: Tchad, pronounced [tʃa(d)]), officially known as the Republic of Chad (Arabic: جمهورية تْشَاد‎ Jumhūriyyat Tšād; French: République du Tchad), is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption. La tendance pluviométrique dans les départements Mono-Couffo connait une baisse et ceci influence non seulement l’activité agricole mais aussi sur les autres activités socio-économiques dont l’activité pastorale qui a besoin des ressources en fourrage et en eau [7]. The former sultan's palace in the village of Gaoui just east of N'Djamena it houses now a small museum of the Sao culture. du Tchad, Workgroup Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. [5] Chad is part of the Bank of Central African States, the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Itinerant Muslim preachers, primarily from Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, also visit. With French support, a modernization of the Chadian armed forces was initiated in 1991. [36], Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a West African coalition in the fight against Boko Haram. [40] Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres (6,875 sq mi), and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations,[44] the lake is Africa's second largest wetland. Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. In the 1960s, the mining industry of Chad produced sodium carbonate, or natron. Cette situation impacte donc négativement la vie de millions de personnes qui sont dépendantes du lac pour leurs … On the other hand, the Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. Animism includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. En outre, la déforestation et la désertification ont contraint les populations lointaines à migrer vers le lac ce qui engendre des conflits. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on sai, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. Density is 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) in the Saharan Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region but 52.4/km2 (136/sq mi) in the Logone Occidental Region. [10][18][19], Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Une illustration du phénomène du changement climatique est le cas du Lac Tchad dont la superficie est passée de 25,000 km2 à près de 1,500 de nos jours. Réseaux des transports en République du Tchad 5/35 Septembre 2011 Tableau 1.1 Densité de population selon les zones climatiques Zone climatique Nombre de régions Superficie Population Densité (hab./km2) (km2) % (habitants) % Zone saharienne 3 600 350 47% 292 827 3% 0,5 Zone sahélienne 12 490 570 38% 6 150 890 55% 12,5 In the Sahel sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations. PDF - 1.02 MB. Les principes en sont de profiter à la fois de la complémentarité des ressources naturelles disponibles au Nord et au Sud du pays et de relations sociales fortes entre groupes nomades et populations sédentaires des régions qu’ils traversent. Le bassin du Tchad, une source de vie pour l'homme, la nature et la paix 04.10.2019. [65], Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups,[66] which create diverse social structures. Le présent document a été élaboré dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des Conventions de la … Les rapports du Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC) indiquent que la région du lac Tchad compte parmi les zones les plus affectées par le changement climatique (GIEC, 2007). [66] Since then, 78 registered political parties have become active. D’une manière générale, elles sont mal conservées et font l’objet d’une dégradation notable. Chad has a population of 11.3 million people (2009 census). [26][27] The president favoured his own Toubou ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. [66][75], Chad's legal system is based on French civil law and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. The landscape of the country varies, extensive arid plains in the Sahelian belt in the center, a desert zone in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in the fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in south. REPUBLIQUE DU TCHAD . Abstract. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live. The country's capital is 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) from the nearest seaport, Douala, Cameroon. Déby unilaterally modified the constitution to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties. [63] In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term[76] amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent media outlets during the campaign. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and these with much lower yields than in the south. [78], Chad is listed as a failed state by the Fund for Peace (FFP). Chad is ranked last in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. [94][95], The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by communautés rurales, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed. [113] Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. L’engagement du Cameroun, par la voix du Chef de l’État, son Excellence Paul Biya, à la tribune des Nations unies en 2009, est suffisamment explicite sur les raisons de l’engagement réitéré du pays, aux côtés des autres nations du monde, pour la lutte contre le changement climatique. [129], Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. [28] Attempts to prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in Senegal in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally charged with war crimes committed during his rule. Le lac Tchad, bassin conventionnel et ressource importante dont dépendent de nombreuses communautés, subit en ce moment les effets du changement climatique qui sont à l’origine de son assèchement. They frequently turn violent. Neigbouring Libya claimes and occupies the Aozou Strip (blue) from 1976 to 1987. The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the Chad National Museum and the Chad Cultural Centre. ", United Nations Commission on Human Rights, "Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Chad", "The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis", "Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania", "Livestock-wildlife-environment interactions in Chad", "African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park", "Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United States Agency for International Development, "COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD", Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations", "Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country", "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity", Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad, Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile, "Commercialisation is destroying community rules", "Chad passes law to make gay sex illegal", "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic", Victims of Genocide in Darfur: Past, Present, and Future – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan, Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet, A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? The pyroclastic shield volcano is situated in the central Sahara of northern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the completion of a pipeline (financed in part by the World Bank) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. 4 L’irrigation en Afrique en chiffres – Enquête AQUASTAT 2005 également être considérée comme zone humide. du Ministre du Plan du Tchad, Foreign diplomatic Lake Chad, the main water source in Central Africa is under disappearance. Zone d’intervention au profil agro-écologique complémentaire : Mandoul/Moyen-Chari (zone Soudanienne) ; Guéra/Batha et Chari-Baguirmi (zone Sahélienne), Ennedis/Ouadi Fira (zone Saharienne). [40][96], Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry. [110] In addition, organizations such as Save the Children have suspended activities due to killings of aid workers. Plus de la moitié de cette population vit de l'agriculture, de l'élevage et de la pêche grâce à ce bassin. Architecture du financement climatique mondial et en Afrique La GIZ et l’Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS) ... Tchad: 14:00 – 15:30h: Tunisie: 14:00 – 15:30h: Jordanie: 15:00 – 16:30h: Libye: 15:00 – 16:30h Structure of climate finance: globally and in Africa The GIZ and the Observatory of the Sahara and the Sahel (OSS) are pleased to invite you to the webinar on the structure of climate … The capital N'Djamena is the largest city. Chad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 soldiers in the country. Les périodes de sécheresses de 1960 à 1970 et de 1982 à 1984 qu’a connues le sahel et la construction des barrages au Nigéria voisin ont vidé le lac de ses eaux, rendu difficiles les … Information Administration: Chad and Cameroon, Banque Centrale des Etats d'Afrique The small group of surviving West African crocodiles in the Ennedi Plateau represents one of the last colonies known in the Sahara today. Architecture du financement climatique mondial et en Afrique La GIZ et l’Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS) vous invitent au webinaire sur l’architecture du financement climatique mondial et en Afrique. [40] Since 2003, 230,000 Sudanese refugees have fled to eastern Chad from war-ridden Darfur. [10][17], After World War II, France granted Chad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and around the parks by organized poaching. [38][66], An uneven inclusion into the global political economy as a site for colonial resource extraction (primarily cotton and crude oil), a global economic system that does not promote nor encourage the development of Chadian industrialization,[103] and the failure to support local agricultural production has meant that the majority of Chadians live in daily uncertainty and hunger. [88], There have been numerous rebel groups in Chad throughout the last few decades. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT's leader, François Tombalbaye, an ethnic Sara, as its first president. As of 2013[update] Chad had an estimated 59 airports, only 9 of which had paved runways. In 2007, a peace treaty was signed that integrated United Front for Democratic Change or FUC soldiers into the Chadian Army. Various estimates, including from Pew Research Center in 2010, found that 51.8 - 57.7% of the population was Muslim, while 90 % environ de ses 10 millions d’habitants vivent dans la partie sud du pays, celle située au nord s’avançant profondément … Volume S7-XVIII, Number 4 [73] In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the National Assembly, may declare a state of emergency. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. The life expectancy is 52 years. [71], Roman Catholics represent the largest Christian denomination in the country. Afrique suprarégionale Adaptation au changement climatique du bassin du lac Tchad ETUDE SUR LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE . Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. [3] The country's population is young: an estimated 47.3% is under 15. [126], Educators face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Le terme Sao désigne sensiblement un ensemble de populations d’origines diverses qui ont peuplé les abords du Lac Tchad successivement entre la fin du V e, du XVI e et du XVIII e siècle avant J-C. De par leur occupation géographique, on peut dire que les Sao et le Lac Tchad sont indissociables car ils sont installés dans les abords du Lac du côté du Cameroun, du Tchad et du Nigeria et du Niger. [52], Efforts have been made by the Food and Agriculture Organization to improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve in southeastern Chad to promote sustainable development. [51], Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. Au Tchad, la Semaine Africaine de la Vaccination (SAV) 2014 prévue du 22 au 27 avril a bénéficié des apports techniques et financiers du gouvernement Tchadiens et des partenaires que sont l’UNICEF et l’OMS.