[214] The Paris region is enveloped with the most dense network of roads and highways that connect it with virtually all parts of the country. Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is Corsica. As of 2016[update], French government debt levels reached 2.2 trillion euros, the equivalent of 96.4% of French GDP. In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed economies in the world, but faced several economic crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. A leader in the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration sectors for more than 65 years and recognized as one of Canada’s Best Managed Companies since 2010, The Master Group is the largest independent HVAC-R distributor in Canada. [334] In the secular domain, the Palace of Versailles has many baroque features. [322] The second generation of impressionist-style painters, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions,[323] as well as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse, André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck.[324][325]. Visualise data on the map The Climate Change Laws of the World map helps you visualise our data by showing climate laws, policies and litigation cases (content – left dropdown) in relation to key contextual indicators (context – right dropdown). $28.72. de Buchenwald après la libération. Other major authors of that century include Alexandre Dumas (The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte-Cristo), Jules Verne (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), Émile Zola (Les Rougon-Macquart), Honoré de Balzac (La Comédie humaine), Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal (The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma), whose works are among the most well known in France and the world. ", Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "History of France – The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328", Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans, Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall, "Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)", Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History, "The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies", "BBC - History - World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation", "In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War", "Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council", "Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History", "Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France", "Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions", "Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers", "Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism", "French policies provoke terrorist attacks", "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years", "CO2 : la France moins pollueuse grâce au nucléaire", "2018 EPI Results | Environmental Performance Index", "EU promises 20% reduction in carbon emissions by 2020", "France Sets Carbon Tax at 17 Euros a Ton", "Why France's forests are getting bigger", "Countries Compared by Environment > Forest area > % of land area", "Evolution of the French forest from 1984 to 1996", "Parks and other protected areas in France", "Fédération des parcs naturels régionaux de France", "La France veut créer une Zone Économique Exclusive en Méditérannée", "Circonscriptions administratives au 1er janvier 2015 : comparaisons régionales", "Constitutional Limits on Government: Country Studies – France", "Le quinquennat : le référendum du 24 Septembre 2000", "The National Assembly and the Senate – General Characteristics of the Parliament", "François Hollande signs same-sex marriage into law", La lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémintisme en France, "Membership of the Security Councils of the UN", "About the Association of Caribbean States", "L'alliance Franco-allemande au coeur de la puissance européenne", "De Gaulle says 'non' to Britain – again", "Quand Mitterrand, déjà, négociait le retour de la France dans l'Otan", "Le retour de la France dans l'OTAN suscite un malaise dans les rangs de la Droite", "Fifth French nuclear test sparks international outrage", "Foreign Policy Implications of the Iraq War", "House cafeterias change names for 'french' fries and 'french' toast", "France involvement in peace-keeping operations", "Official development assistance (ODA) – Net ODA – OECD Data", "Aid to developing countries rebounds in 2013 to reach an all-time high". It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed a number of talented musicians and composers in the royal court. Only months later, France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria. As a result, the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany, Celtic culture was revived and independent petty kingdoms arose in this region. An unpopular king, Louis XV's weak rule, his ill-advised financial, political and military decisions – as well as the debauchery of his court– discredited the monarchy, which arguably paved the way for the French Revolution 15 years after his death.[61][62]. Jean Racine, whose incredible mastery of the alexandrine and of the French language has been praised for centuries, created plays such as Phèdre or Britannicus. Only 6 countries give women the same work rights as men. Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859.[279]. [283] Through the expansion of public education, in which French was the sole language of instruction, as well as other factors such as increased urbanisation and the rise of mass communication, French gradually came to be adopted by virtually the entire population, a process not completed until the 20th century. [256][260][261], France has a significant Gypsy (Gitan) population, numbering between 20,000 and 400,000. However, French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established, which by the 20th century would become the second largest in the world. In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany and Italy. • The ice cap climate (EF) is found in all the mountainous regions of France that have a glacier. ), Lyon (2,310,850), Marseille (1,756,296), Toulouse (1,345,343), Bordeaux (1,232,550), Lille (1,187,824), Nice (1,006,402), Nantes (961,521), Strasbourg (785,839) and Rennes (727,357). At the start of the 19th century, symbolist poetry was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé.[347]. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. [328] Outside Paris, all the large cities have a Museum of Fine Arts with a section dedicated to European and French painting. The Grandes écoles have been criticized for alleged elitism, producing many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs, and politicians.[319]. A huge collection of old masterpieces created before or during the 18th century are displayed in the state-owned Musée du Louvre, such as Mona Lisa, also known as La Joconde. [14] The second half of the 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots), which severely weakened the country. Three harvests in one year confirmed his masochistic tendencies. On the other hand, many former French colonies have adopted French as an official language, and the total number of French speakers is increasing, especially in Africa. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German, Middle Francia to Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. [356] Debussy's music is noted for its sensory content and frequent usage of atonality. The plat principal could include a pot au feu or steak frites. ... a move chosen by Au Bon Climat's Master Winemaker Jim Clendenen. City affected by this climate: Barcelonnette. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are considered as "poetic masterpieces",[349] Hugo's verse having been compared to that of Shakespeare, Dante and Homer. [XIII] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government funded agencies. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Programme for International Student Assessment, École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, it was first applied in the United States, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement, are considered integral parts of the French Republic, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do, Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission, September 2019, pages 229-230, "Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density", "Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France", "Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey", "France posts new tourist record despite Yellow Vest unrest", "World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems", "World Population Prospects – The 2006 Revision", "Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91", "Faith of the Eldest Daughter – Can France retain her Catholic heritage? Cities affected by this climate: Chamonix, Mouthe. [351] Important writers of the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. However, in France, baroque architecture found a greater success in the secular domain than in a religious one. Small and picturesque French villages are promoted through the association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (literally "The Most Beautiful Villages of France"). [288] Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely. As for music festivals, there are several events organised, the most popular being Eurockéennes (a word play which sounds in French as "European"), Solidays and Rock en Seine. The architecture associated to this era is named Second Empire in English, the term being taken from the Second French Empire. [417] Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy"[418] (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement). France receives the highest number of tourists per year, largely thanks to the numerous cultural establishments and historical buildings implanted all over the territory. According to a survey held in 2016 by Institut Montaigne and Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian, 39.6% had no religion (atheism or agnosticism), 5.6% were Muslims, 2.5% were followers of other faiths, and the remaining 0.4% were undecided about their faith. Tensions between the kingdom of France and the Plantagenet empire would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France conquered, between 1202 and 1214 most of the continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to the Plantagenets. La formation comprend des enseignements théoriques et pratiques (avec éventuellement un ou plusieurs stages, et/ou une initiation à la recherche en fonction du projet professionnel). The first leader to make himself king of all the Franks was Clovis I, who began his reign in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors of the province in 486. Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions. A meal often consists of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée (introductory course, sometimes soup), plat principal (main course), fromage (cheese course) or dessert, sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert. As Guy Canivet, first president of the Court of Cassation, wrote about the management of prisons: Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality. His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks. Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. On the military architectural side, Vauban designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey. [130] It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. In 2008, the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. For much of the High Middle Ages, France was a highly decentralized feudal kingdom in which the authority of the king was barely felt. French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the world. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms); one half of the seats are submitted to election every 3 years.[134]. Following the Battle of Bouvines, the Angevin court retreated to England, but persistent Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry would pave the way for another conflict, the Hundred Years' War. [129] The Constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on 28 September 1958. In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations[398][399] remained under state-control. In the end, the Cathars were exterminated and the autonomous County of Toulouse was annexed into the crown lands of France.[50]. French knights made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred-year span of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs uniformly referred to the crusaders as Franj caring little whether they really came from France. "90.07.06: The Aerospace Industry: Its History and How it Affects the U.S. Economy", "La France demeure un fournisseur d'armes de premier plan", "Analysis: Low French borrowing costs risk negative reappraisal", France issues first 10-year bond at negative interest rate, Top 10 Countries with Largest Gold Reserves, "Entreprises selon le nombre de salariés et l'activité", "Entreprises publiques selon l'activité économique", "Global300 Report 2010, International Co-operative Alliance. Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or "realm of the Franks". France had colonial possessions, in various forms, since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries, its global overseas colonial empire extended greatly and became the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. [237] Western Europe is now serviced by a network of TGV lines. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. During that same century, Charles Perrault was a prolific writer of famous children's fairy tales including Puss in Boots, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Bluebeard. [176] In late 2012, credit rating agencies warned that growing French Government debt levels risked France's AAA credit rating, raising the possibility of a future downgrade and subsequent higher borrowing costs for the French authorities. Freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. In some cases clergy and churches were attacked, with iconoclasm stripping the churches of statues and ornaments. [97][failed verification] France has an important aerospace industry led by the European consortium Airbus, and has its own national spaceport, the Centre Spatial Guyanais. It hosts the world's fifth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the leading tourist destination, receiving over 89 million foreign visitors in 2018. [380] France is in 2013 the 2nd exporter of films in the world after the United States. Meanwhile, French epistemology became a prominent school of thought with Jules Henri Poincaré, Gaston Bachelard, Jean Cavaillès and Jules Vuillemin. France, a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, hosted and led the 2015 Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21/CMP11) from November 30 to December ... formations>Ingénieur et Master R CLIMATE DOMAINE_CLIMAT_EN.indd 2 18/10/2018 11:27. The Château de Chantilly, Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three located near Paris, are also visitor attractions. Cities affected by this climate: Albi, Carcassonne, Lyon, Orange, Toulouse, Valence. France has historically been a large producer of agricultural products. In the context of the Cold War, de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the Western and Eastern blocs. Judo is an important sport in France. André Thuilier, Histoire de l'université de Paris et de la Sorbonne, Paris, Nouvelle librairie de France, 1994, Burke, Peter, A social history of knowledge: from Gutenberg to Diderot, Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, p. 17. [438] Paris was the first home of the International Olympic Committee, before it moved to Lausanne. In addition, Bastille Day, the national holiday, commemorates the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. As a result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French was introduced to the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, South-East Asia, as well as the Caribbean. France is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the Eurozone,[21] and a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie. Stemming from a strong domestic league, the French rugby team has won 16 Six Nations Championships, including 8 grand slams; and has reached the semi-final of the Rugby World Cup 6 times, going on to the final 3 times. L'entrée en master est sélective. [437], Similar to the Olympics, France introduced Olympics for the deaf people (Deaflympics) in 1924 with the idea of a French deaf car mechanic, Eugène Rubens-Alcais who paved the way to organise the inaugural edition of the Summer Deaflympics in Paris. [212] It is operated by the SNCF, and high-speed trains include the Thalys, the Eurostar and TGV, which travels at 320 km/h (199 mph) in commercial use. Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. Known as the Belle Époque, the turn of the century was a period characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. [179], A member of the Group of Seven (formerly Group of Eight) leading industrialized countries, as of 2018[update], it is ranked as the world's tenth largest and the EU's second largest economy by purchasing power parity. As it came to an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estate formed into a National Assembly, signalling the outbreak of the French Revolution. In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of people of Muslim background to be between 5 and 6 million (8–10%). The French government also succeeded in maintaining a cultural exception to defend audiovisual products made in the country. 26 February 2014. National Policy & Plans. [331] Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the Saint Denis Basilica (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are Notre-Dame de Chartres and Notre-Dame d'Amiens. Paris' Convention government between October and December 1793 with brutal measures managed to subdue most internal uprisings, at the cost of tens of thousands of lives. The financial crisis aggravated by France's involvement in the American Revolutionary War was one of many contributing factors to the French Revolution. France has signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)[169] and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. France in February 1794 abolished slavery in its American colonies, but would reintroduce it later. [88] Simultaneously France renounced the assimilation of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French traditional values and cultural norms. Gaul was divided by Augustus into Roman provinces. Certains masters se préparent en apprentissage. Including metropolitan France, the total area of land under French sovereignty almost reached 13 million square kilometers in the 1920s and 1930s, 8.6% of the world's land. It counts 1,200 museums welcoming more than 50 million people annually. [208] As of 2016[update], 72% of the electricity produced by France is generated by 58 nuclear power plants. In the wake of the series of worldwide protests of 1968, the revolt of May 1968 had an enormous social impact. Descartes revitalised Western philosophy, which had been declined after the Greek and Roman eras. [262] Many foreign Romani people are expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently.[263]. became the dominant force, overtaking both Socialists and Republicans. [414] France legalized same-sex marriage and adoption in 2013. Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception. It is the second country, after Japan, to have the most gold medals. Some French castles that survived are Chinon, Château d'Angers, the massive Château de Vincennes and the so-called Cathar castles. While the Gendarmerie is an integral part of the French armed forces (gendarmes are career soldiers), and therefore under the purview of the Ministry of the Armed Forces, it is operationally attached to the Ministry of the Interior as far as its civil police duties are concerned. [108] As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's. EU agriculture subsidies to France have decreased in recent years but still amounted to $8 billion in 2007. In 1958, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened Presidency. [13] In the mid-14th century, French monarchs were embroiled in a series of dynastic conflicts with their English counterparts, which lasted over 100 years. [388] In the past years, free dailies made a breakthrough, with Metro, 20 Minutes and Direct Plus distributed at more than 650,000 copies respectively. The End of Globalization or a more Multipolar World? [87] During the 1970s France faced economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the Maghreb)[87] to permanently settle in France with their families and to acquire French citizenship. They were encouraged to retain their distinctive cultures and traditions and required merely to integrate. They consist of the French Army (Armée de Terre), French Navy (Marine Nationale, formerly called Armée de Mer), the French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'Air et de l’Espace), and the Military Police called National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of France. In July 1790, a Civil Constitution of the Clergy reorganized the French Catholic Church, cancelling the authority of the Church to levy taxes, et cetera. [295], The French health care system is one of universal health care largely financed by government national health insurance. For Bordeaux wine growers, those searing temperatures were the latest reminder … The Declaration affirms "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" to "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". [72] The interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government). Web. [231][232][233] France was the third nation, after the former USSR and the United States, to launch its own space satellite and remains the biggest contributor to the European Space Agency (ESA). Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. As of January 2017[update] the fertility rate declined slightly to 1.93 children per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 4.41 in 1800. Best-selling daily national newspapers in France are Le Parisien Aujourd'hui en France (with 460,000 sold daily), Le Monde and Le Figaro, with around 300,000 copies sold daily, but also L'Équipe, dedicated to sports coverage. France had declared war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic in November 1792 and did the same on Spain in March 1793; in the spring of 1793, Austria and Prussia invaded France; in March, France created a "sister republic" in the "Republic of Mainz". During the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a collection of Celtic tribes. The Stade de France in Saint-Denis is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. [51] Accordingly, the crown passed to Philip of Valois, a cousin of Charles, rather than through the female line to Charles' nephew, Edward of Plantagenet, who would soon become Edward III of England. Together they are among the largest armed forces in the world and the largest in the EU. • The warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb) is found in the northern part of Brittany. The UNESCO inscribed 45 sites in France on the World Heritage List.[321]. It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration the country has received since the early 20th century;[264] between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France. The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea, in Mexico and Italy which resulted in the annexation of the duchy of Savoy and the county of Nice, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. The two composers invented new musical forms[357][358][359][360] and new sounds. Until 1940, the arrondissements were territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy regime and definitely abolished by the Fourth Republic in 1946. In European countries, legal doctrine has long faced the question of succession of criminal laws in time: "France: Strict Defamation and Privacy Laws Limit Free Expression – Index on Censorship | Index on Censorship." The current French nuclear force consists of four Triomphant class submarines equipped with submarine-launched ballistic missiles.